FSK EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY
DOMKAL , MURSHIDABAD
PIN – 742303
INFORMATION OF TECHNOLOGY
-: BASIC INFORMATION OF COMPUTER :-
Full Form Of Computer :-
· Commonly Operated Machine Particularly Used In Trade Education and Research.
What is Computer ? :-
· Computer is an electronic device used for calculation. It can perform mathematical calculation, logical decision and relational operations. It can store huge amount of data for long period of time, which can be used later.
· ( Second Formula ) Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions ( Called Program ) and gives the result ( Output ) and saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical and non-numerical ( arithmetic and Logical ) Calculations.
A Computer has four functions :-
¨ Accepts Data – Input
¨ Processes Data – Processing
¨ Produces Output – Output
¨ Stores Result – Storage
Input (Data) :-
¨ Input is the raw information entered into a Computer from the input devices. It is the collection of letters , number , images etc….. ( EX - Mouse , KeyBoard , Scanner )
v Process :-
Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally internal process of the Computer System.
Output :-
§ Output is the processed data given by computer after data processing output is also called as result. We can save these result in the storage devices for the future use ( EX – Printer , Monitor , Speaker etc…. )
Computer System :-
· All of the components of a computer system can be summarized with the simple equations.
Computer System = HardWare + Software + User.
HardWare = Internal Devices + Peripheral Devices.
All physical parts of the computer ( or everything that we can touch ) are known as hardware.
Software = Programs ; [ Software gives “Intelligence” of the Computer.]
User = Person ; [ Who Operates Computer]
- : MAJOR PARTS OF THE COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES : -
1. Mouse
2. KeyBoard
3. Scanner
4. Digital
5. Web Camera
6. JoySticks
7. Track Ball
8. Touch Pad / Screen
9. Light Pen
10. BarCode Reader
11. Microphone
12. Graphics Tablets
13. Magnetic Ink Character Reader
14. Optical Mark Reader
15. Magnetic Card
16. Biometric Devices
Processor :-
§ Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The main unit inside the computer is the CPU. The unit is responsible for all events inside the computer. It controls all internal and external devices, performs arithmetic and logic operations. The CPU is the devices that interprets and executes instructions.
Output Devices :-
1. Monitor
2. Printer (Dot , Matrix , Inkjet , Laser)
3. Projector
4. Plotter
5. Speaker
Storage Devices :-
· Primary Memory (Main Memory)
Ram (Random Access Memory / Read – Write Memory)
Rom(Read Only Memory)
Secondary Memory ( Storage Devices ) :-
1. Hard Disk ( Local Disk )
2. Optical Disk ( CD-R , CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW )
3. Pen Drive
4. Zip Drive
5. Floppy Disk
6. Memory Disk
7. External Disk
Peripheral Devices :-
1. The Modem / Internet Adapter
2. Switches / Hub
3. Router
4. TV Tuner Card
Advantage Of Using Computer :-
1. Speed
2. Accuracy
3. Diligence
4. Versatile
5. Memory
6. Automation
-: INFORMATION OF SOFTWARE :-
Software , Simply are the computer programs. The instructions given to the computer in the form of a program is called software. Software is the set of programs, Which are used for different purposes. All the Programs used in computer to perform specific task is called software.
Type Of Software :-
¨ System Software
A. Operating System Software
Ø ( EX – DOS, WINDOWS XP, VISTA, UNIX, LINUX, MAC OS, OTHERS OS etc…. )
B. Utility Software
§ ( EX - WINDOWS EXPLORER ( FILE / FLODER MANAGEMENT ), WINDOWS MEDIA, PLAYER, ANTI-VIRUS UTILITIES, DISK DEFRAGMENTATION, DISK CLEAN, BACKUP , WINZIP , WINRAR etc…. )
Application Software :-
§ Package Software
MS Office 2003, MS Office 2007, Macomedia ( DreamWeaver, Flash, Free-Hand ), Adobe ( Pagemaker Photoshop )
Type of computer :-
(No the basis of working principle )
A. Analog Computer :-
· An analog computer (spelt analogue in British English ) is a form of computer that uses continuous physical phenomena such as electrical , mechanical or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.
B. Digital Computer :-
¨ A Computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as digits , usually in the binary number system .
C. Hybrid computer (Analog + Digital) :-
¨ A Computer of computers those are capable of inputting and outputting in both digital and analog signals. A hybrid computer system setup offers a cost effective method of performing complex simulations.
· On the basis of computer name / size :-
A. Super computer .
B. Mainframe computer.
C. Mini computer .
D. Micro computer .
1. Desktop computer
2. Laptop computer
3. Palmtop / Digital Diary / Notebook / PDAS .
· Type of Booting :-
There are two type of booting .
(ex :- Cold booting and Warm booting )
A. Cold Booting :-
If the computer is in off sate and we boot the computer by pressing the power switch “ON” from the CPU box then it is called as cold booting .
Booting :-
The Process of loading the system files of the operating system from the disk into the computer memory to complete the circuit requirement of the computer system is called booting . The system files of MS. DOS .
B. Warm Booting :-
¨ If the computer is already “ON” and we restart it by pressing the “RESET” button from the CPU box or “CTRL” , “ALT” and “DEL” key simultaneously from the keyboard then it is called warm booting .
-: Generation of computer :-
Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is / was being used . Initially , the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies.
· There are totally five computer generations know till date . Each generation has been discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics. Here approximate dates against each generations have been mentioned which are normally accepted.
· Generations and Description :-
1. First Generation :-
¨ The period of first generations 1946 – 1959 which is vacuum tube based.
2. SECOND GENERATION :-
¨ The period of second generation 1959 – 1965 which is transistor based.
3. THIRD GENERATION :-
¨ The period of third generation 1965 – 1971 which is integrated based.
4. FOURTH GENERATION :-
¨ The period of Fourth generation 1971 – 1980 .
5. FIFTH GENERATION :-
¨ The period of Fifth generation 1980 – on words.
-: MEMORY UNITS :-
* Memory units :-
§ The amount of data that can be stored in the storage unit. That in which storage capacity is expressed in terms of Bytes.
1. BIT ( Binary Digit ) :- A binary digit is logical 0 and 1 representing a passive or an active sate of a component in an electric circuit .
2. NIBBLE :- A group of 4 bits is called nibble .
3. BYTE :- A group of 8 bits is called byte . A byte is the smallest unit which can represent a data item or a character .
UNIT DESCRIPTIONBU
Kilobyte (KB) 1KB = 1024 Bytes
Megabyte (MB) 1MB = 1024 KB
Gigabyte (GB) 1GB = 1024 MB
Terabyte (TB) 1TB = 1024 GB
Petabyte (PB) 1PB = 1024 TB
-: FULL FORMS :-
1. ALU = Arithmatic Logic Unit
2. ASCII = American Standard Code for Information Interchange
3. BIOS = Basic Input Output System
4. CD = Compact Disk
5. CMOS = Complementary Mental Oxide Semiconductor
6. DDR = Double Data Rate
7. DRAM = Dynamic Random Access Memory
8. SDRAM = Synchronus Dynamic Random Access Memory
9. DPI = Dots Per Inch
10. PPI = Pixel Per Inch
11. DVD = Digital versatile Disk
12. EEPROM = Electrically Erasable Programmable Read – Only Memory
13. FDD = Floppy Disk Drive
14. FPS = Frame Per Second
15. HDD = Hard Disk Drive
16. IDE = Intergrated Drive Electronics
17. LCD = Liquid Crystal Display
18. LED = Light Emitting Diode
19. PCI = Peripheral Component Interconnect
20. PnP = Plug and Play
21. PSU = Power Supply Unit
22. USB = Universal Serial Bus
23. CUI = Composite User Interface
24. CRT = Cathode Ray Tube
25. FAT = File Allocation Table
26. GUI = Graphical User Interface
27. UPS = Uninterruptible Power Supply
28. VDU = Visual Display Unit
29. SMPS = Switch Mode Power Supply
30. FTP = File Transfer Proto Call
31. URL = Uniform Resource Locator
32. SMTP = Simple Mail Transfer Proto Call
33. E-mail = Electronic Mail
34. Modem = Modulator – Demodulator
35. LAN = Local Area Network
36. WIFI = Wireless Fidelity
37. IP = Internet Proto Call
38. DNS = Domain Name System
39. GBps = Gigabytes Per Second or Gigabits Per Second
40. MBps = Megabyte Per Second or Megabits Per Second
41. MAC = Media Access Control
42. PPPOA/E = Point To Point Protocol Over ATM/Ethernet
43. VPN = Virtual Private Network
44. WAN = Wide Area Network
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